CVE-2015-7225

Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.

Published: 2017-09-06 Last update: 2026-05-13 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2015-7225 is rated Moderate Risk (48.7/100): CVSS Medium severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 1.78%). EPSS rose +1.13% over the last day, indicating growing attacker interest. Review affected assets and schedule remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2015-7225

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-15 0.65% 1.78% +1.13%
2 2026-03-04 0.36% 0.65% +0.29%
3 2026-03-01 — 0.36% —

Full EPSS history (48 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2015-7225

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
5.3 3.0 MEDIUM
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:H)
Even with access, the exploit needs extra luck, timing, or a fussy environment to actually work.
Privileges required (PR:L)
A normal user session is enough; they don’t have to be admin.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:N)
Data isn’t meaningfully altered or forged.
Availability (A:N)
Service keeps running; no real outage angle.
 1.6 3.6 [email protected]
3.5 2.0 LOW
AV:N/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:N Click to expand
Access vector (AV:N)
Can be exploited remotely over network reachability.
Access complexity (AC:M)
Exploitation needs some favorable conditions, but not exceptional ones.
Authentication (AU:S)
A single authentication is required.
Confidentiality impact (C:P)
Partial confidentiality impact.
Integrity impact (I:N)
No integrity impact.
Availability impact (A:N)
No availability impact.
 6.8 2.9 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2015-7225

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2015-7225

GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7 · Severity: medium · Ecosystem: rubygems — Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)

OS Trackers for CVE-2015-7225

vendor priority summary link
debian not yet assigned CVE-2015-7225 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 1 source packages (ruby-devise-two-factor), 2 status rows across 2 suites (bookworm, bullseye): resolved 2. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2015-7225
ubuntu medium CVE-2015-7225 medium priority: Ubuntu including 1 source packages (ruby-devise-two-factor), 11 status rows across 11 suites (artful, bionic, cosmic, precise, trusty, upstream, vivid, wily, xenial, yakkety, zesty): DNE 5, ignored 4, not-affected 1, released 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2015-7225

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2015-7225

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
tinfoilsecurity devise-two-factor <= 1.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:tinfoilsecurity:devise-two-factor:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2015-7225

cvelogic Threat Intelligence