CVE-2016-1181

ActionServlet.java in Apache Struts 1 1.x through 1.3.10 mishandles multithreaded access to an ActionForm instance, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (unexpected memory access) via a multipart request, a related issue to CVE-2015-0899.

Published: 2016-07-04 Last update: 2026-05-06 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2016-1181 is rated High Risk (68.4/100): CVSS High severity, with high exploitation likelihood (EPSS 13.23%, 96th percentile). EPSS ranks this CVE among the most likely to be exploited in the near term. EPSS rose +2.48% over the last day, indicating growing attacker interest. High exploitation likelihood—assess exposure and prioritize remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2016-1181

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-15 10.74% 13.23% +2.48%
2 2026-05-17 9.73% 10.74% +1.02%
3 2026-05-14 — 9.73% —

Full EPSS history (27 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2016-1181

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
8.1 3.0 HIGH
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:H)
Even with access, the exploit needs extra luck, timing, or a fussy environment to actually work.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 2.2 5.9 [email protected]
6.8 2.0 MEDIUM
AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P Click to expand
Access vector (AV:N)
Can be exploited remotely over network reachability.
Access complexity (AC:M)
Exploitation needs some favorable conditions, but not exceptional ones.
Authentication (AU:N)
No authentication is required.
Confidentiality impact (C:P)
Partial confidentiality impact.
Integrity impact (I:P)
Partial integrity impact.
Availability impact (A:P)
Partial availability impact.
 8.6 6.4 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2016-1181

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2016-1181

GHSA-7jw3-5q4w-89qg · Severity: high · Ecosystem: maven — Improper Input Validation in Apache Struts

OS Trackers for CVE-2016-1181

vendor priority summary link
redhat high — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2016-1181
suse medium — https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2016-1181/
ubuntu medium CVE-2016-1181 medium priority: Ubuntu including 1 source packages (libstruts1.2-java), 11 status rows across 11 suites (artful, bionic, cosmic, disco, precise, trusty, upstream, wily, xenial, yakkety, zesty): DNE 9, ignored 1, needs-triage 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2016-1181

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2016-1181

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
oracle banking_platform 2.3.0 cpe:2.3:a:oracle:banking_platform:2.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
oracle banking_platform 2.4.0 cpe:2.3:a:oracle:banking_platform:2.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
oracle banking_platform 2.4.1 cpe:2.3:a:oracle:banking_platform:2.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
oracle banking_platform 2.5.0 cpe:2.3:a:oracle:banking_platform:2.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
oracle portal 11.1.1.6 cpe:2.3:a:oracle:portal:11.1.1.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.0.2 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:b1:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:b2:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:b3:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.1:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.2 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.3 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.4 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.5 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.6 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.7 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.8 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.2.9 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.5 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.6 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.7 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.8 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.9 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache struts 1.3.10 cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:1.3.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2016-1181

URL Tags
http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN03188560/index.html Vendor Advisory
http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000096 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry Vendor Advisory
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujan2018-3236628.html Patch
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html Patch Third Party Advisory
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html Patch
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2018-4258247.html Patch
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html Patch Third Party Advisory
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2017-3236626.html Patch
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2018-4428296.html Patch
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91068 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1036056 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1343538 Issue Tracking
https://github.com/kawasima/struts1-forever/commit/eda3a79907ed8fcb0387a0496d0cb14332f250e8 Issue Tracking Patch
https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2016-1181 Third Party Advisory
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0006/ Third Party Advisory
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2020.html
https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2020.html
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuapr2019-5072813.html
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujan2019-5072801.html Patch
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2019-5072835.html
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