CVE-2023-30581

The use of __proto__ in process.mainModule.__proto__.require() can bypass the policy mechanism and require modules outside of the policy.json definition. This vulnerability affects all users using the experimental policy mechanism in all active release lines: v16, v18 and, v20. Please note that at the time this CVE was issued, the policy is an experimental feature of Node.js

Published: 2023-11-22 Last update: 2026-06-17 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2023-30581 is rated Moderate Risk (51.1/100): CVSS High severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 1.05%). Review affected assets and schedule remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2023-30581

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-21 0.88% 1.05% +0.17%
2 2026-06-15 0.01% 0.88% +0.86%
3 2025-11-21 — 0.01% —

Full EPSS history (10 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2023-30581

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
7.5 3.1 HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:N)
Service keeps running; no real outage angle.
 3.9 3.6 [email protected]
7.5 3.1 HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:N)
Service keeps running; no real outage angle.
 3.9 3.6 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2023-30581

OS Trackers for CVE-2023-30581

vendor priority summary link
alpine — CVE-2023-30581: 1 source package rows (nodejs); 6 state rows across 2 repos (3.17-main, 3.18-main); fixed 0, open 6. https://security.alpinelinux.org/vuln/CVE-2023-30581
debian not yet assigned CVE-2023-30581 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 1 source packages (nodejs), 5 status rows across 5 suites (bookworm, bullseye, forky, sid, trixie): resolved 4, open 1. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2023-30581
gentoo low CVE-2023-30581: 1 GLSA(s) (202405-29), 1 atom(s) (net-libs/nodejs); latest impact low. https://bugs.gentoo.org/buglist.cgi?quicksearch=CVE-2023-30581
redhat high — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-30581
suse high CVE-2023-30581 severity important: SUSE including 78 source package names (16-18.3:nodejs16-16.20.1-150400.3.21.1, 16-18.3:npm16-16.20.1-150400.3.21.1, …), 301 product×package rows across 29 product lines (Container bci/nodejs, SUSE CaaS Platform 4.0, … (29 product lines)): Fixed 216, Known Not Affected 85. https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-30581/
ubuntu medium CVE-2023-30581 medium priority: Ubuntu including 1 source packages (nodejs), 10 status rows across 10 suites (bionic, focal, jammy, kinetic, lunar, mantic, noble, trusty, upstream, xenial): not-affected 6, ignored 3, needs-triage 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2023-30581

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2023-30581

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
nodejs node.js >= 16.0.0, < 16.20.1 cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*
nodejs node.js >= 18.0.0, < 18.16.1 cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*
nodejs node.js >= 20.0.0, < 20.3.1 cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*

References for CVE-2023-30581

cvelogic Threat Intelligence