CVE-2024-28176 | jose vulnerable to resource exhaustion via specifically crafted JWE with compressed plaintext

jose is JavaScript module for JSON Object Signing and Encryption, providing support for JSON Web Tokens (JWT), JSON Web Signature (JWS), JSON Web Encryption (JWE), JSON Web Key (JWK), JSON Web Key Set (JWKS), and more. A vulnerability has been identified in the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) decryption interfaces, specifically related to the support for decompressing plaintext after its decryption. Under certain conditions it is possible to have the user's environment consume unreasonable amount of CPU time or memory during JWE Decryption operations. This issue has been patched in versions 2.0.7 and 4.15.5.

Published: 2024-03-09 Last update: 2025-12-05 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Analyzed，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2024-28176 is rated Moderate Risk (43.7/100): CVSS Medium severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 0.57%). Review affected assets and schedule remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2024-28176

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-03-28 0.42% 0.57% +0.15%
2 2025-12-06 0.18% 0.42% +0.24%
3 2025-11-21 — 0.18% —

Full EPSS history (15 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2024-28176

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
4.9 3.1 MEDIUM
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:H)
They need powerful rights—admin, root, or similar—before this pays off.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:N)
Data isn’t meaningfully altered or forged.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 1.2 3.6 [email protected]
5.9 3.1 MEDIUM
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:H)
Even with access, the exploit needs extra luck, timing, or a fussy environment to actually work.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:N)
Data isn’t meaningfully altered or forged.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 2.2 3.6 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2024-28176

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2024-28176

GHSA-hhhv-q57g-882q · Severity: medium · Ecosystem: npm — jose vulnerable to resource exhaustion via specifically crafted JWE with compressed plaintext

OS Trackers for CVE-2024-28176

vendor priority summary link
redhat medium — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-28176
ubuntu medium CVE-2024-28176 medium priority: Ubuntu including 1 source packages (node-jose), 8 status rows across 8 suites (focal, jammy, mantic, noble, oracular, plucky, questing, upstream): needs-triage 4, ignored 3, DNE 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2024-28176

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2024-28176

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
jose_project jose < 2.0.7 cpe:2.3:a:jose_project:jose:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
jose_project jose >= 3.0.0, < 4.15.5 cpe:2.3:a:jose_project:jose:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*
fedoraproject fedora >= 38, <= 40 cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2024-28176

URL Tags
https://github.com/panva/jose/commit/02a65794f7873cdaf12e81e80ad076fcdc4a9314 Patch
https://github.com/panva/jose/commit/1b91d88d2f8233f3477a5f4579aa5f8057b2ee8b Patch
https://github.com/panva/jose/security/advisories/GHSA-hhhv-q57g-882q Vendor Advisory
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/I6MMWFBOXJA6ZCXNVPDFJ4XMK5PVG5RG/ Mailing List Third Party Advisory
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/KXKGNCRU7OTM5AHC7YIYBNOWI742PRMY/ Mailing List Third Party Advisory
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/UG5FSEYJ3GP27FZXC5YAAMMEC5XWKJHG/ Mailing List Third Party Advisory
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/UJO2U5ACZVACNQXJ5EBRFLFW6DP5BROY/ Mailing List Third Party Advisory
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/message/XJDO5VSIAOGT2WP63AXAAWNRSVJCNCRH/ Mailing List Third Party Advisory
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