CVE-2025-21728 | bpf: Send signals asynchronously if !preemptible

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Send signals asynchronously if !preemptible BPF programs can execute in all kinds of contexts and when a program running in a non-preemptible context uses the bpf_send_signal() kfunc, it will cause issues because this kfunc can sleep. Change `irqs_disabled()` to `!preemptible()`.

Published: 2025-02-27 Last update: 2026-05-12 Assigner: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67 Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2025-21728 is rated Low Risk (25.7/100): CVSS Medium severity, with low exploitation likelihood (EPSS 0.04%). Monitor for updates and reassess as exploit intelligence or EPSS changes.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-21728

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-04-07 0.05% 0.04% -0.02%
2 2025-11-13 0.05% 0.05% +0.00%
3 2025-11-04 — 0.05% —

Full EPSS history (5 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-21728

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
5.5 3.1 MEDIUM
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:L)
They already need access on the box, or another person has to do something wrong; it’s not a remote drive-by.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:L)
A normal user session is enough; they don’t have to be admin.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:N)
Data isn’t meaningfully altered or forged.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 1.8 3.6 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-21728

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2025-21728

GHSA-f47w-fp34-vr9h · Severity: medium — In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Send signals...

OS Trackers for CVE-2025-21728

vendor priority summary link
debian not yet assigned CVE-2025-21728 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 2 source packages (linux, linux-6.1), 6 status rows across 5 suites (bookworm, bullseye, forky, sid, trixie): resolved 6. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2025-21728
redhat medium — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-21728
suse medium CVE-2025-21728 severity moderate: SUSE including 417 source package names (2.1.3-6.11:kernel-default-6.4.0-28.1, 2.1.3-6.12:kernel-default-base-6.4.0-28.1.21.6, …), 732 product×package rows across 129 product lines (Container suse/sl-micro/6.0/base-os-container, Container suse/sl-micro/6.0/kvm-os-container, … (129 product lines)): Fixed 362, Known Affected 231, Known Not Affected 139. https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-21728/
ubuntu medium CVE-2025-21728 medium priority: Ubuntu including 158 source packages (linux, linux-allwinner-5.19, …), 1551 status rows across 10 suites (bionic, focal, jammy, noble, oracular, plucky, questing, trusty, upstream, xenial): DNE 1145, released 190, ignored 148, not-affected 67, needed 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-21728

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-21728

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
linux linux_kernel >= 5.4.33, < 5.4.291 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.5.18, < 5.6 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.6.1, < 5.10.235 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.11, < 5.15.179 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.16, < 6.1.129 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.2, < 6.6.76 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.7, < 6.12.13 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.13, < 6.13.2 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel 5.6 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:5.6:-:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-21728

URL Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/092fc76b7ab4163e008f9cde596a58dad2108260 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/78b97783496b454435639937db3303e900a24d3f Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/87c544108b612512b254c8f79aa5c0a8546e2cc4 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/be42a09fe898635b0093c0c8dac1bfabe225c240 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ce51eab2070e295d298f42a2f1db269cd1b56d55 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e306eaaa3d78b462db5f5b11e0171f9d2b6ca3f4 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/eeef8e65041a031bd8a747a392c14b76a123a12c Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/feba1308bc5e8e04cee751d39fae8a9b407a9034 Patch
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00028.html
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html
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