CVE-2025-22045 | x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs On the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal PMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE entries in the pointed-to page table: collapse_pte_mapped_thp pmdp_collapse_flush flush_tlb_range The arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can be used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level invalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the same way. Currently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes, which I think means the issue doesn't have much impact: - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be IPI'd to avoid issues with speculative page table walks. - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff. The patch "x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB" which is currently under review (see <https://lore.kernel.org/all/[email protected]/>) would probably be making the impact of this a lot worse.

Published: 2025-04-16 Last update: 2025-11-03 Assigner: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67 Source: 416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67

Conclusion & alert: CVE-2025-22045 is rated Low Risk (24.5/100): CVSS Medium severity, with low exploitation likelihood (EPSS 0.03%). Mandatory action: Monitor for updates and reassess as exploit intelligence or EPSS changes.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-22045

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-05 0.11% 0.03% -0.08%
2 2026-05-31 0.16% 0.11% -0.05%
3 2026-05-25 0.16%

Full EPSS history (7 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-22045

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
5.5 3.1 MEDIUM
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:L)
They already need access on the box, or another person has to do something wrong; it’s not a remote drive-by.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:L)
A normal user session is enough; they don’t have to be admin.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:N)
Doesn’t really leak secrets in a meaningful way.
Integrity (I:N)
Data isn’t meaningfully altered or forged.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
1.8 3.6 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-22045

OS Trackers for CVE-2025-22045

vendor priority summary link
debian not yet assigned CVE-2025-22045 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 2 source packages (linux, linux-6.1), 6 status rows across 5 suites (bookworm, bullseye, forky, sid, trixie): resolved 6. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2025-22045
redhat low https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-22045
suse medium https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-22045/
ubuntu medium CVE-2025-22045 medium priority: Ubuntu including 158 source packages (linux, linux-allwinner-5.19, …), 1551 status rows across 10 suites (bionic, focal, jammy, noble, oracular, plucky, questing, trusty, upstream, xenial): DNE 1145, released 200, ignored 149, not-affected 54, needs-triage 2, needed 1. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-22045

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-22045

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
linux linux_kernel >= 4.20, < 5.4.292 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.5, < 5.10.236 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.11, < 5.15.180 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 5.16, < 6.1.134 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.2, < 6.6.87 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.7, < 6.12.23 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.13, < 6.13.11 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
linux linux_kernel >= 6.14, < 6.14.2 cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-22045

URL Tags
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2 Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321be Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50 Patch
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html
https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html
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