CVE-2025-31123 | Zitadel Expired JWT Keys Usable for Authorization Grants

Zitadel is open-source identity infrastructure software. A vulnerability existed where expired keys can be used to retrieve tokens. Specifically, ZITADEL fails to properly check the expiration date of the JWT key when used for Authorization Grants. This allows an attacker with an expired key to obtain valid access tokens. This vulnerability does not affect the use of JWT Profile for OAuth 2.0 Client Authentication on the Token and Introspection endpoints, which correctly reject expired keys. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.71.6, 2.70.8, 2.69.9, 2.68.9, 2.67.13, 2.66.16, 2.65.7, 2.64.6, and 2.63.9.

Published: 2025-03-31 Last update: 2025-08-26 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Analyzed，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2025-31123 is rated Moderate Risk (55.1/100): CVSS High severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 0.36%). Review affected assets and schedule remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-31123

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-05-10 0.33% 0.36% +0.02%
2 2026-01-25 0.05% 0.33% +0.28%
3 2025-05-02 — 0.05% —

Full EPSS history (4 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-31123

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
8.7 3.1 HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:H)
They need powerful rights—admin, root, or similar—before this pays off.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:C)
Breaking this can reach past the original component and bite other resources—bigger blast radius.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:N)
Service keeps running; no real outage angle.
 2.3 5.8 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-31123

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-31123

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
zitadel zitadel >= 2.62.0, < 2.63.9 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.64.0, < 2.64.6 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.65.0, < 2.65.7 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.66.0, < 2.66.16 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.67.0, < 2.67.13 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.68.0, < 2.68.9 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.69.0, < 2.69.9 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.70.0, < 2.70.8 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
zitadel zitadel >= 2.71.0, < 2.71.6 cpe:2.3:a:zitadel:zitadel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-31123

URL Tags
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/commit/315503beabd679f2e6aec0c004f0f9d2f5b53ed3 Patch
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.63.9 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.64.6 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.65.7 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.66.16 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.67.13 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.68.9 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.69.9 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.70.8 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.71.6 Release Notes
https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advisories/GHSA-h3q7-347g-qwhf Vendor Advisory
cvelogic Threat Intelligence