CVE-2025-31161

Exp

CrushFTP 10 before 10.8.4 and 11 before 11.3.1 allows authentication bypass and takeover of the crushadmin account (unless a DMZ proxy instance is used), as exploited in the wild in March and April 2025, aka "Unauthenticated HTTP(S) port access." A race condition exists in the AWS4-HMAC (compatible with S3) authorization method of the HTTP component of the FTP server. The server first verifies the existence of the user by performing a call to login_user_pass() with no password requirement. This will authenticate the session through the HMAC verification process and up until the server checks for user verification once more. The vulnerability can be further stabilized, eliminating the need for successfully triggering a race condition, by sending a mangled AWS4-HMAC header. By providing only the username and a following slash (/), the server will successfully find a username, which triggers the successful anypass authentication process, but the server will fail to find the expected SignedHeaders entry, resulting in an index-out-of-bounds error that stops the code from reaching the session cleanup. Together, these issues make it trivial to authenticate as any known or guessable user (e.g., crushadmin), and can lead to a full compromise of the system by obtaining an administrative account.

Published: 2025-04-03 Last update: 2026-06-17 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

Conclusion & alert: CVE-2025-31161 is rated Critical Active Threat (100/100): CVSS Critical severity, with high exploitation likelihood (EPSS 99.96%, 100th percentile). Core evidence: CISA KEV confirms active exploitation (added 2025-04-07) affecting CrushFTP / CrushFTP. a weakness (CWE-305) Unauthenticated remote administrative access may be possible. EPSS rose +11.02% over the last day, indicating growing attacker interest. Mandatory action: The CISA remediation deadline has passed—treat as an emergency patch priority.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

CISA KEV Record for CVE-2025-31161

Name: CrushFTP Authentication Bypass Vulnerability · CISA KEV detail

Exploit added: 2025-04-07

Action due: 2025-04-28

Required action: Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.

Public exploit references (Exploit-DB) for CVE-2025-31161

EDB-ID Source Kind Published Link
52295 exploit_db edb 2025-05-18 Exploit-DB ↗
nvd_ref exploit_tag Exploit-DB ↗
nvd_ref exploit_tag Exploit-DB ↗
nvd_ref exploit_tag Exploit-DB ↗
nvd_ref exploit_tag Exploit-DB ↗

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-31161

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-15 88.94% 99.96% +11.02%
2 2026-05-24 90.11% 88.94% -1.17%
3 2026-05-22 90.11%

Full EPSS history (39 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-31161

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
9.8 3.1 CRITICAL
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
3.9 5.9 [email protected]
9.8 3.1 CRITICAL
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
3.9 5.9 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-31161

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-31161

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
crushftp crushftp >= 10.0.0, < 10.8.4 cpe:2.3:a:crushftp:crushftp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
crushftp crushftp >= 11.0.0, < 11.3.1 cpe:2.3:a:crushftp:crushftp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-31161

URL Tags
https://crushftp.com/crush11wiki/Wiki.jsp?page=Update#section-Update-VulnerabilityInfo Vendor Advisory
https://outpost24.com/blog/crushftp-auth-bypass-vulnerability/ Third Party Advisory
https://attackerkb.com/topics/k0EgiL9Psz/cve-2025-2825/rapid7-analysis Exploit Third Party Advisory
https://projectdiscovery.io/blog/crushftp-authentication-bypass Exploit Third Party Advisory
https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/disclosure-drama-clouds-crushftp-vulnerability-exploitation Press/Media Coverage
https://www.huntress.com/blog/crushftp-cve-2025-31161-auth-bypass-and-post-exploitation Exploit Third Party Advisory
https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/crushftp-flaw-exploited-disclosure/ Press/Media Coverage
https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-31161-detect-crushftp-vulnerability Exploit Third Party Advisory
https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-31161-mitigate-crushftp-vulnerability Mitigation Third Party Advisory
https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-31161 US Government Resource
cvelogic Threat Intelligence