CVE-2025-31651 | Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

Published: 2025-04-28 Last update: 2026-06-17 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2025-31651 is rated High Risk (74.4/100): CVSS Critical severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 4.18%). EPSS rose +3.84% over the last day, indicating growing attacker interest. High exploitation likelihood—assess exposure and prioritize remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-31651

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-15 0.34% 4.18% +3.84%
2 2026-06-06 0.20% 0.34% +0.14%
3 2026-05-17 — 0.20% —

Full EPSS history (21 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-31651

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
9.8 3.1 CRITICAL
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 3.9 5.9 [email protected]
9.8 3.1 CRITICAL
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 3.9 5.9 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-31651

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2025-31651

GHSA-ff77-26x5-69cr · Severity: low · Ecosystem: maven — Apache Tomcat Rewrite rule bypass

OS Trackers for CVE-2025-31651

vendor priority summary link
debian not yet assigned CVE-2025-31651 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 3 source packages (tomcat10, tomcat11, tomcat9), 12 status rows across 5 suites (bookworm, bullseye, forky, sid, trixie): resolved 12. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2025-31651
redhat low — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-31651
suse high — https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-31651/
ubuntu medium CVE-2025-31651 medium priority: Ubuntu including 6 source packages (tomcat10, tomcat11, tomcat6, tomcat7, tomcat8, tomcat9), 51 status rows across 10 suites (bionic, focal, jammy, noble, oracular, plucky, questing, trusty, upstream, xenial): DNE 26, not-affected 9, needed 5, released 5, ignored 4, needs-triage 2. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-31651

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-31651

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
apache tomcat >= 9.0.0, < 9.0.104 cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache tomcat >= 10.1.0, < 10.1.40 cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
apache tomcat >= 11.0.0, < 11.0.6 cpe:2.3:a:apache:tomcat:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-31651

cvelogic Threat Intelligence