CVE-2025-4496 | TOTOLINK T10/A3100R/A950RG/A800R/N600R/A3000RU/A810R cstecgi.cgi CloudACMunualUpdate buffer overflow

A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK T10, A3100R, A950RG, A800R, N600R, A3000RU and A810R 4.1.8cu.5241_B20210927. It has been declared as critical. This vulnerability affects the function CloudACMunualUpdate of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument FileName leads to buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

Published: 2025-05-10 Last update: 2025-07-29 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Analyzed，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2025-4496 is rated Moderate Risk (59.8/100): CVSS High severity, with medium exploitation likelihood (EPSS 0.65%). Review affected assets and schedule remediation.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2025-4496

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-03-06 0.25% 0.65% +0.40%
2 2026-01-24 0.19% 0.25% +0.06%
3 2025-12-14 — 0.19% —

Full EPSS history (10 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2025-4496

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
8.7 4.0 HIGH
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Exploitation conditions are straightforward and stable.
Attack requirements (AT:N)
No additional preconditions are required beyond normal reachability.
Privileges required (PR:L)
Low privileges are required.
User interaction (UI:N)
No user interaction is required.
Vulnerable system confidentiality impact (VC:H)
High confidentiality impact on the vulnerable system.
Vulnerable system integrity impact (VI:H)
High integrity impact on the vulnerable system.
Vulnerable system availability impact (VA:H)
High availability impact on the vulnerable system.
Subsequent system confidentiality impact (SC:N)
No confidentiality impact on subsequent systems.
Subsequent system integrity impact (SI:N)
No integrity impact on subsequent systems.
Subsequent system availability impact (SA:N)
No availability impact on subsequent systems.
Exploit maturity (threat) (E:X)
Not defined: no reliable threat intelligence; scoring assumes the worst case (equivalent to Attacked).
Confidentiality requirement (CR:X)
Not defined: insufficient information; scoring treats this like High (worst case).
Integrity requirement (IR:X)
Not defined: insufficient information; scoring treats this like High (worst case).
Availability requirement (AR:X)
Not defined: insufficient information; scoring treats this like High (worst case).
Modified attack vector (MAV:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base Attack Vector (AV).
Modified attack complexity (MAC:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base Attack Complexity (AC).
Modified attack requirements (MAT:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base Attack Requirements (AT).
Modified privileges required (MPR:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base Privileges Required (PR).
Modified user interaction (MUI:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base User Interaction (UI).
Modified vulnerable system confidentiality impact (MVC:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base VC metric.
Modified vulnerable system integrity impact (MVI:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base VI metric.
Modified vulnerable system availability impact (MVA:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base VA metric.
Modified subsequent system confidentiality impact (MSC:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base SC metric.
Modified subsequent system integrity impact (MSI:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base SI metric.
Modified subsequent system availability impact (MSA:X)
Not defined: scoring uses the Base SA metric.
Safety (supplemental) (S:X)
Not evaluated.
Automatable (supplemental) (AU:X)
Not evaluated.
Recovery (supplemental) (R:X)
Not evaluated.
Value density (supplemental) (V:X)
Not evaluated.
Vulnerability response effort (supplemental) (RE:X)
Not evaluated.
Provider urgency (supplemental) (U:X)
Not evaluated.
 — — [email protected]
8.8 3.1 HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:L)
A normal user session is enough; they don’t have to be admin.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 2.8 5.9 [email protected]
9.8 3.1 CRITICAL
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:H)
Serious risk that confidential data gets exposed in a big way.
Integrity (I:H)
They could widely tamper with or forge data—trust in the data is badly hurt.
Availability (A:H)
Could take the service down hard or make it unusable for people who depend on it.
 3.9 5.9 [email protected]
9.0 2.0 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C Click to expand
Access vector (AV:N)
Can be exploited remotely over network reachability.
Access complexity (AC:L)
Exploitation conditions are straightforward and predictable.
Authentication (AU:S)
A single authentication is required.
Confidentiality impact (C:C)
Complete confidentiality impact.
Integrity impact (I:C)
Complete integrity impact.
Availability impact (A:C)
Complete availability impact.
 8.0 10.0 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2025-4496

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2025-4496

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
totolink a3000ru_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:a3000ru_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink a810r_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:a810r_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink t10_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:t10_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink a3100r_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:a3100r_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink a950rg_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:a950rg_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink a800r_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:a800r_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
totolink n600r_firmware 4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927 cpe:2.3:o:totolink:n600r_firmware:4.1.8cu.5241_b20210927:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2025-4496

URL Tags
https://github.com/CH13hh/tmp_store_cc/blob/main/tt/ta/1.md Broken Link
https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.308212 Permissions Required VDB Entry
https://vuldb.com/?id.308212 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
https://vuldb.com/?submit.567081 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
https://www.totolink.net/ Product
cvelogic Threat Intelligence