Memory Safety Issue when using patch or merge on state and assign the result back to state

Impact

This vulnerability is a memory safety Issue when using patch or merge on state and assign the result back to state.
In this case affected versions of Tremor and the tremor-script crate maintains references to memory that might have been freed already. And these memory regions can be accessed by retrieving the state, e.g. send it over TCP or HTTP. This requires the Tremor server (or any other program using tremor-script) to execute a tremor-script script that uses the mentioned language construct.

Details

If affects the following two tremor-script language constructs:

• A Merge where we assign the result back to the target expression
  and the expression to be merged needs to reference the event:

let state = merge state of event end;

• A Patch where we assign the result back to the target expression
  and the patch operations used need to reference the event:

let state = patch state of insert event.key => event.value end;

For constructs like this (it does not matter what it references in the expression to be merged or the patch operations) an optimization
was applied to manipulate the target value in-place, instead of cloning it.

Our Value struct, which underpins all event data in tremor-script, is representing strings as borrowed beef::Cow<'lifetime, str>,
that reference the raw data Vec<u8> the event is based upon. We keep this raw byte-array next to the Value structure inside our Event as a self-referential struct,
so we make sure that the structured Value and its references are valid across its whole lifetime.

The optimization was considered safe as long as it was only possible to merge or patch event data or static data.
When state was introduced to tremor-script (in version 0.7.3) a new possibility to keep Value data around for longer than the lifetime of an event emerged.
If event data is merged or patched into state without cloning it first, it can still reference keys or values from
the previous event, which will now be invalid. This allows access to those already freed regions of memory and to get their content out over the wire.

Patches

The issue has been patched in https://crates.io/crates/tremor-script/0.11.6 and https://github.com/tremor-rs/tremor-runtime/releases/tag/v0.11.6 via commit 1a2efcd by removing the optimization
and always clone the target expression of a Merge or [Patch](https://www.tremor.rs/docs/tremor-script/index#patch.

Workarounds

If an upgrade is not possible, a possible workaround is to avoid the optimization
by introducing a temporary variable and not immediately reassigning to state:

let tmp = merge state of event end;
let state = tmp

References

The actual fix is applied in this PR: https://github.com/tremor-rs/tremor-runtime/pull/1217

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
* Open an issue on our repository tremor-rs/tremor-runtime
* Please join our discord https://chat.tremor.rs and reach out to the team.