CVE-2016-2098

Exp

Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.

Published: 2016-04-07 Last update: 2026-05-06 Assigner: [email protected] Source: [email protected]
NVD Status：Modified，CVE State: published
View at NVD, CVE.org, EUVD

CVE-2016-2098 is rated High Exploit Risk (82.4/100): CVSS High severity, with high exploitation likelihood (EPSS 86.67%, 99th percentile). 1 public exploit reference(s) are indexed (Exploit-DB). EPSS rose +3.41% over the last day, indicating growing attacker interest. Public exploits are available—assess exposure, apply mitigations, and prioritize patching.

Risk is dynamic; we continuously reassess and refresh what is shown on this page as upstream context changes.

Public exploit references (Exploit-DB) for CVE-2016-2098

EDB-ID Source Kind Published Link
40086 exploit_db edb 2016-07-11 Exploit-DB ↗

Exploit prediction scoring system (EPSS) score for CVE-2016-2098

EPSS lead: Daily EPSS estimates relative likelihood of exploitation; percentile ranks this CVE among scored vulnerabilities (higher = more severe relative rank).

# Date Old EPSS score New EPSS score Delta (New - Old)
1 2026-06-03 83.26% 86.67% +3.41%
2 2026-05-30 84.09% 83.26% -0.84%
3 2026-05-09 — 84.09% —

Full EPSS history (39 records total)

Common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) metrics for CVE-2016-2098

CVSS metrics for this CVE.

Base score Version Severity Vector Exploitability Impact Score source
7.3 3.0 HIGH
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L Click to expand
Attack vector (AV:N)
Could be attacked over the internet or any normal routed network—not just someone sitting at the machine.
Attack complexity (AC:L)
Once they can reach the bug, pulling it off is straightforward—no weird race conditions or rare setup.
Privileges required (PR:N)
No account or special rights needed—anonymous or random user is enough.
User interaction (UI:N)
Nobody has to click “OK” or open a trap file; it can work without a victim helping.
Scope (S:U)
Damage stays in the same “trust bubble” as the broken component—no big spill into unrelated systems.
Confidentiality (C:L)
Some sensitive info could get out, but not a total data dump.
Integrity (I:L)
Attackers could change some data, but it’s limited—not everything goes.
Availability (A:L)
Might cause slowdowns, glitches, or partial disruption—not a full brick.
 3.9 3.4 [email protected]
7.5 2.0 HIGH
AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P Click to expand
Access vector (AV:N)
Can be exploited remotely over network reachability.
Access complexity (AC:L)
Exploitation conditions are straightforward and predictable.
Authentication (AU:N)
No authentication is required.
Confidentiality impact (C:P)
Partial confidentiality impact.
Integrity impact (I:P)
Partial integrity impact.
Availability impact (A:P)
Partial availability impact.
 10.0 6.4 [email protected]

Weakness enumeration for CVE-2016-2098

GitHub Security Advisory for CVE-2016-2098

GHSA-78rc-8c29-p45g · Severity: high · Ecosystem: rubygems — actionpack allows remote code execution via application's unrestricted use of render method

OS Trackers for CVE-2016-2098

vendor priority summary link
debian not yet assigned CVE-2016-2098 not yet assigned priority: Debian including 1 source packages (rails), 5 status rows across 5 suites (bookworm, bullseye, forky, sid, trixie): resolved 5. https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2016-2098
redhat high — https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2016-2098
ubuntu medium CVE-2016-2098 medium priority: Ubuntu including 11 source packages (rails, rails-4.0, …), 121 status rows across 11 suites (artful, bionic, cosmic, disco, precise, trusty, upstream, wily, xenial, yakkety, zesty): DNE 97, ignored 12, needs-triage 7, not-affected 5. https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2016-2098

Affected software / configurations for CVE-2016-2098

Vendor Product Version Raw CPE
debian debian_linux 8.0 cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.1:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.1:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.1:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.3 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.4 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.4 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.4:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.5 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.6:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.6:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.6:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.7 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.8 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.9 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.0.10 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.0.10:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.0:-:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.2:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.2:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.2:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.3 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.4 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.5 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.6:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.6 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.6:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.7 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.7.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.8 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.9 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.9:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.10 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.10:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.10 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.10:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.10 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.10:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.10 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.10:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.12 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.12:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.13 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.13:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.14 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.14:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.1.14 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.1.14:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.1:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.1:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.1:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.1:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.2 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.3 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.3 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.3:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.4 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.4 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.4:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.5 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.5 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.5:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.5 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.5:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails rails 4.2.5.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:rails:4.2.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails ruby_on_rails <= 3.2.22.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:ruby_on_rails:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
rubyonrails ruby_on_rails 4.1.14.1 cpe:2.3:a:rubyonrails:ruby_on_rails:4.1.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

References for CVE-2016-2098

URL Tags
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html
http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html
http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/ Patch Vendor Advisory
http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725
http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122
https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/
cvelogic Threat Intelligence